Keiser MJ, Roth BL, Armbruster BN, Ernsberger P, Irwin JJ, Shoichet BK (2007) Relating protein

pharmacology by ligand chemistry. Nat Biotechnol 25(2):197–206

Kerrien S, Aranda B, Breuza L, Bridge A, Broackes-Carter F, Chen C et al (2012) The IntAct

molecular interaction database in 2012. Nucleic Acids Res 40(D1):D841–D846

Köhler S, Vasilevsky NA, Engelstad M, Foster E, McMurry J, Aymé S et al (2017) The human

phenotype ontology in 2017. Nucleic Acids Res 45(D1):D865–D876

Krishnappa P, Fernandez-Pascual E, Carballido J, Martinez-Salamanca JI (2019) Sildenafil/Viagra

in the treatment of premature ejaculation. Int J Impot Res 31(2):65–70

Kuhn M, von Mering C, Campillos M, Jensen LJ, Bork P (2007) STITCH: interaction networks of

chemicals and proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 36(suppl 1):D684–D688

Kumar A, Alam A, Grover S, Pandey S, Tripathi D, Kumari M et al (2019) Peptidyl-prolyl

isomerase-B is involved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis biofilm formation and a generic target

for drug repurposing-based intervention. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 5(1):1–11

Kwon OS, Lee H, Kong HJ, Kwon EJ, Park JE, Lee W et al (2020) Connectivity map-based drug

repositioning of bortezomib to reverse the metastatic effect of GALNT14 in lung cancer.

Oncogene 39(23):4567–4580

Lamb J, Crawford ED, Peck D, Modell JW, Blat IC, Wrobel MJ et al (2006) The connectivity map:

using gene-expression signatures to connect small molecules, genes, and disease. Science

313(5795):1929–1935

Liberzon A, Subramanian A, Pinchback R, Thorvaldsdóttir H, Tamayo P, Mesirov JP (2011)

Molecular signatures database (MSigDB) 3.0. Bioinformatics 27(12):1739–1740

Lindberg DA, Humphreys BL, McCray AT (1993) The unified medical language system. Yearb

Med Inform 2(01):41–51

Liu T, Lin Y, Wen X, Jorissen RN, Gilson MK (2007) BindingDB: a web-accessible database of

experimentally determined protein–ligand binding affinities. Nucleic Acids Res 35(suppl_1):

D198–D201

Lonsdale J, Thomas J, Salvatore M, Phillips R, Lo E, Shad S et al (2013) The genotype-tissue

expression (GTEx) project. Nat Genet 45(6):580–585

Mishra GR, Suresh M, Kumaran K, Kannabiran N, Suresh S, Bala P et al (2006) Human protein

reference database—2006 update. Nucleic Acids Res 34(suppl 1):D411–D414

Orchard S, Kerrien S, Abbani S, Aranda B, Bhate J, Bidwell S et al (2012) Protein interaction data

curation: the International Molecular Exchange (IMEx) consortium. Nat Methods 9(4):345–350

Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Alexander SP, Buneman OP et al (2014) The

IUPHAR/BPS guide to PHARMACOLOGY: an expert-driven knowledgebase of drug targets

and their ligands. Nucleic Acids Res 42(D1):D1098–D1106

Ramos EM, Hoffman D, Junkins HA, Maglott D, Phan L, Sherry ST et al (2014) Phenotype–

Genotype Integrator (PheGenI): synthesizing genome-wide association study (GWAS) data

with existing genomic resources. Eur J Hum Genet 22(1):144–147

Schuffenhauer A, Zimmermann J, Stoop R, van der Vyver JJ, Lecchini S, Jacoby E (2002) An

ontology for pharmaceutical ligands and its application for in silico screening and library design.

J Chem Inf Comput Sci 42(4):947–955

Sherry ST, Ward MH, Kholodov M, Baker J, Phan L, Smigielski EM, Sirotkin K (2001) dbSNP: the

NCBI database of genetic variation. Nucleic Acids Res 29(1):308–311

Smigielski EM, Sirotkin K, Ward M, Sherry ST (2000) dbSNP: a database of single nucleotide

polymorphisms. Nucleic Acids Res 28(1):352–355

Subramanian A, Narayan R, Corsello SM, Peck DD, Natoli TE, Lu X et al (2017) A next generation

connectivity map: L1000 platform and the first 1,000,000 profiles. Cell 171(6):1437–1452

4

Computational Methods for Drug Repurposing

47